Neuralink va implanter pour la première fois sa puce Blindsight aux Émirats : une avancée majeure pour redonner la vue aux personnes aveugles d’ici fin 2025
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La société Neuralink, fondée par Elon Musk, s’apprête à franchir une nouvelle étape majeure dans le domaine des interfaces cerveau-ordinateur. D’ici la fin de l’année 2025, la startup technologique prévoit d’implanter sa puce cérébrale Blindsight dans un être humain aux Émirats arabes unis, marquant ainsi le tout premier essai humain de restauration de la vision via une interface directe avec le cerveau.
Cette première implantation se déroulera dans le cadre de l’étude UAE-PRIME, conduite à la Cleveland Clinic d’Abu Dhabi, et pourrait transformer à jamais la vie des personnes atteintes de cécité, y compris celles nées aveugles.
Contrairement aux dispositifs médicaux traditionnels qui s’appuient sur les yeux, Blindsight contourne totalement l’appareil visuel. Il s’agit d’une interface cerveau-machine (ICM) qui se connecte directement au cortex visuel, en recréant des signaux visuels artificiels à partir de données numériques.
Ce projet s’inscrit en parallèle des essais PRIME et CONVOY, menés aux États-Unis par Neuralink pour tester des fonctions de mouvement et de parole. Toutefois, Blindsight ouvre un tout autre front : celui de la vision neurale.
Déjà salué par les autorités sanitaires américaines, le dispositif a reçu le statut de “dispositif révolutionnaire” de la FDA, une reconnaissance qui souligne son potentiel à transformer la médecine.
Si l’essai aux EAU réussit, le monde pourrait assister à un tournant historique : celui où la cécité ne serait plus une fatalité.
Source : Teslarati
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Le questionnaire 16PF a été créé dans une perspective assez inhabituelle parmi les tests de personnalité. La plupart des tests de personnalité sont conçus pour mesurer uniquement les traits préconçus qui intéressent un théoricien ou un chercheur particulier.
L’auteur principal du 16PF, Raymond B. Cattell, possédait une solide formation en sciences physiques, notamment en chimie et en physique, à une époque où les éléments fondamentaux du monde physique étaient découverts, classés dans le tableau périodique et utilisés comme base pour comprendre la nature fondamentale du monde physique et pour des recherches plus approfondies.
Fort de cette expérience en sciences physiques, Cattell a développé la conviction que la meilleure compréhension de tous les domaines repose d’abord sur la recherche des éléments fondamentaux sous-jacents, puis sur le développement d’une méthode valide pour mesurer et étudier ces éléments (Cattell, 1965).
Schuerger, auteur de recherches sur la personnalité, a déclaré :
L’objectif de Cattell en créant le questionnaire 16PF était de fournir une cartographie complète et fondée sur la recherche de la personnalité normale.
Lorsque Cattell est passé des sciences physiques à la psychologie dans les années 1920, il a exprimé sa déception de constater que ce domaine se composait en grande partie d’un large éventail de théories et de concepts abstraits, sans rapport entre eux, et n’ayant que peu ou pas de fondement scientifique.
Il a constaté que la plupart des théories de la personnalité reposaient sur la philosophie et des conjectures personnelles, ou étaient élaborées par des professionnels de la santé, tels que Jean Charcot et Sigmund Freud, qui s’appuyaient sur leur intuition personnelle pour reconstituer ce qu’ils ressentaient à l’intérieur des gens, en observant des personnes présentant de graves troubles psychopathologiques. Cattell (1957) a décrit les préoccupations qu’il ressentait en tant que scientifique :
« En psychologie, il existe un océan d’intuitions et d’hypothèses faciles à comprendre que nous partageons avec le profane, et dont nous remontons difficilement les limites de l’objectivité scientifique… Le progrès scientifique repose sur l’introduction de la mesure dans le domaine étudié…
La psychologie a contourné les étapes descriptives, taxinomiques et métriques nécessaires que toute science saine doit d’abord franchir… Si Aristote et d’autres philosophes n’ont pu progresser par la seule force du raisonnement en deux mille ans d’observation, il est peu probable que nous y parvenions aujourd’hui…
Pour que la psychologie devienne une science efficace, nous devons nous préoccuper moins de théories grandioses que d’établir, par la recherche, certaines lois fondamentales des relations. (p. 3-5)
Ainsi, l’objectif de Cattell en créant le questionnaire 16PF était de découvrir le nombre et la nature des traits fondamentaux de la personnalité humaine et de développer un moyen de mesurer ces dimensions.
À l’Université de Londres, Cattell a travaillé avec Charles Spearman, qui développait l’analyse factorielle pour l’aider dans sa quête des facteurs fondamentaux des capacités humaines. Cattell pensait que cela pouvait également s’appliquer au domaine de la personnalité. Il estimait que la personnalité humaine devait posséder des dimensions fondamentales, sous-jacentes et universelles, tout comme le monde physique possédait des éléments constitutifs fondamentaux (comme l’oxygène et l’hydrogène).
Il pensait que si les éléments de base de la personnalité étaient découverts et mesurés, alors le comportement humain (par exemple, la créativité, le leadership, l’altruisme ou l’agressivité) pourrait devenir de plus en plus compréhensible et prévisible.
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