Corée du Nord – Volvo : la petite histoire d’une énorme ardoise.
4 min readMichel Holtz
En 1974, la dictature communiste a commandé 1 000 Volvo 144 d’une valeur totale de 37 millions de dollars. Une somme que la Corée du Nord n’a jamais voulu régler au constructeur suédois. Récit d’une embrouille diplomatico-commerciale et diplomatique. Ou, plus simplement, d’une escroquerie.
Un millier de 144 quittent la Suède vers Pyongyang.
C’est peut-être l’un des plus gros impayés de l’histoire de l’automobile. C’est du moins le plus spectaculaire. D’autant que le contentieux court toujours, 48 ans après l’émission de la facture.https://d-9423164643037795675.ampproject.net/2211302304002/frame.html
Nous sommes en 1974 et 김일성, plus connu sous le nom de Kim-Il-Sung, fondateur, archi grand timonier et président éternel de la Corée du Nord, décide de renouveler son parc automobile. Le dictateur est fan de Mercedes et importe déjà quelques modèles de très très haut de gamme pour ses besoins personnels, et celui de quelques cadres dirigeants du régime qui ont ses faveurs. Mais pas de quoi faire rouler un pays ou ne circulent que quelques camions et utilitaires chinois ou russes. Alors le président à vie et « professeur de l’humanité tout entière », comme on est autorisé à l’appeler de sobre manière, décide de commander une flotte de voitures pour ses gardes rapprochés préférés et de lancer la grande aventure automobile coréenne.
L’intention est sympa. Reste à trouver un constructeur qui daigne accepter la commande. Car la Corée du Nord est sous le coup de sanctions économiques de la part des États-Unis depuis le début de la guerre de Corée en 1950. Et comme les alliés des Américains sont sur la même ligne que Washington, le choix d’un constructeur à qui passer commande est quelque peu limité.L’habitacle est celui d’une 144, mais le mannequin n’est pas coréen.
Restent les pays neutres. Ils sont au nombre de deux : la Suisse et la Suède. La première ayant plus de talents financiers qu’industriels, les Coréens se tournent naturellement vers la seconde et jettent leur dévolu sur Volvo. Aussitôt décidée, aussitôt envolée : une délégation envoyée par Kim prend l’avion pour Göteborg afin de rencontrer les dirigeants de la marque. Car l’opération ne peut pas se négocier dans un simple showroom. Le président à vie veut acheter 1 000 Volvo. Et pas n’importe lesquelles : des 144 GL vert sapin. La 144, c’est la grande berline de la marque, celle qui a inauguré 20 ans de ce design carré qui a fait les beaux jours du constructeur jusque dans les années 90. Ravi de l’aubaine, les boss de Göteborg sont également prudents. Avant de taper dans la main des Coréens, ils se tournent vers leur gouvernement, lui demandant de se porter garant. Top-là, le conseil des ministres est partant.46 ans plus tard, nombre de Volvo roulent toujours à Pyongyang.
Les voitures sont fabriquées et livrées à Pyongyang en même temps que l’addition : 37 millions de dollars, soit 37 000 dollars l’unité, ce qui place la berline premium à un prix de compacte généraliste d’aujourd’hui. Une affaire. Sauf que la facture n’est pas réglée. Les mois se passent, et au lieu de payer, les Coréens invoquent les accords du Comecon. Ce joyeux rassemblement de pays communistes d’après guerre, et dissous en 1991, a mis en place un dispositif particulier pour les négociations commerciales: ils paient les « pays non frères » en échange ou en nature. Mais strictement rien de ce que produit la Corée du Nord n’intéresse Volvo qui se tourne vers le gouvernement suédois, qui ne se déballonne pas. Le voilà qui, en 1975, ouvre une ambassade à Pyongyong qui a pour but, entre autres, de récupérer l’argent.
La dette augmente et la Corée du Nord refuse toujours de la régler
La suite ? Les intérêts de la dette s’accumulent, pour atteindre aujourd’hui 300 millions de dollars, la Suède réclame toujours son dû, le président éternel est mort, son fils Kim-Jong Il lui a succédé, remplacé en 2011 par son petit-fils Kim-Jong Un. Mais à Pyongong, le non-règlement des factures se transmet par héritage et si nombre des Volvo 144 vert sapin roulent toujours, elles ne risquent pas d’être payées de sitôt, ni remplacées par d’autres modèles. Volvo, comme tous ses rivaux ayant compris leçon.
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