20 janvier 2026

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L’origine des gangs criminels haïtiens.-

4 min de lecture
2 ans il y a BLAISE Robelto Flanky

Environ 300 gangs contrôlent 80% de la capitale haïtienne selon ce qui a été rapporté au Conseil de Sécurité de l’ONU par Maria Isabel Salvador, envoyée spéciale de l’ONU pour le pays des Caraïbes (voir Fides 22/1/2024).

Selon les habitants de Port-au-Prince, les gangs contrôlent effectivement toute la ville. Mais comment en est-on arrivé là ? Le modèle original des gangs criminels qui sévissent actuellement en Haïti sont les milices des Volontaires de la Sécurité Nationale (VSN), tristement connues sous le surnom de « Tonton Makout », créées par le président de l’époque (et dictateur de facto) François Duvalier en 1959 en tant que force paramilitaire pour réprimer la dissidence.


Certains des membres les plus éminents des « Tonton Macoutes » étaient des chefs vaudous. Ce système de croyance, pratiqué par environ la moitié de la population haïtienne, conférait aux « Macoutes » un sentiment d’autorité surnaturelle aux yeux du public, ce qui leur permettait de commettre des actes horribles sans aucune forme de sanction de la part de la population haïtienne, à tel point qu’ils étaient surnommés « bandis legals » en créole. Selon certaines estimations, en 28 ans de pouvoir, les « Tonton Macoutes » ont tué environ 60 000 personnes.


À la chute de la dynastie Duvalier, avec l’éviction du fils de François, Jean-Claude, en 1986, les « Tontons Macoutes » ont été dissous. De même, l’armée régulière a été dissoute par Jean-Bertrand Aristide, le premier président régulièrement élu en 1990 après une période de transition. Aristide a été renversé par un coup d’État militaire, mais a ensuite été rétabli au pouvoir grâce à une intervention militaire parrainée par les Nations unies.

Après la destitution d’Aristide, les anciens « Tonton Macoutes » ont créé des gangs appelés « attachés », au service d’autres groupes criminels ou de politiciens sans scrupules.


Une fois rétabli dans ses fonctions de président en 1994, Aristide a décidé de dissoudre l’armée et de réformer la police civile. Cependant, plusieurs anciens soldats ont rejoint les gangs criminels qui s’étaient formés entre-temps. Aristide lui-même a ensuite été accusé d’avoir créé sa propre milice (les « Chimères ») au début des années 2000 pour soutenir son camp politique.

En fait, les différents acteurs politiques ont créé leurs propres milices armées. La création de gangs criminels était liée au trafic de cocaïne de la Colombie et du Venezuela vers les États-Unis, qui s’arrêtait sur l’île d’Hispaniola (qui comprend Haïti et la République dominicaine). Par la suite, la majeure partie du trafic empruntant la route des Caraïbes a été acheminée par voie terrestre le long de la frontière entre le Mexique et les États-Unis.

Les connexions créées avec les États-Unis par le trafic illégal et celles liées à la diaspora haïtienne aux États-Unis ont ensuite contribué à initier d’importants flux d’armes à feu de l’Amérique du Nord vers le pays caribéen, au profit des nombreux groupes armés qui se formaient. Aristide a ensuite été à nouveau déposé en 2004 lorsque des bandes paramilitaires formées de gangs locaux et d’anciens militaires et policiers exilés à Saint-Domingue ont pris d’assaut Port-au-Prince.

À la tête des paramilitaires se trouvait l’ancien chef du FRAPH (Front révolutionnaire armé pour le progrès d’Haïti), le principal groupe paramilitaire ayant opéré entre 1990 et 1994. Aristide a été « escorté » hors du pays par des soldats américains et canadiens, dans une opération qu’il a qualifiée de « nouveau coup d’État ». Malgré le déploiement d’une force de l’ONU, la situation sécuritaire n’a fait qu’empirer. Le terrible tremblement de terre qui a frappé Haïti en 2010 a rendu les conditions de vie de la population encore plus précaires, élargissant le bassin de recrutement des gangs qui ne font que proliférer.


Les gangs se disputent le contrôle des routes de la capitale et des principaux ports par lesquels transitent les marchandises légales et illégales (en premier lieu les armes), découpant la population, victime d’une véritable « industrie du kidnapping ». Parmi les victimes figurent également des prêtres et des religieux, comme les six religieuses de la Congrégation des Sœurs de Sainte-Anne, enlevées le 19 janvier (voir Fides 22/1/2024) et libérées par la suite (voir Fides 26/1/2024).


L’assassinat du Président Jovenel Moïse le 7 juillet 2021 par un commando de mercenaires colombiens et américains d’origine haïtienne a encore aggravé l’insécurité, renforçant le pouvoir des gangs. (LM) (Agence Fides 10/2/2024)

Source: Fides.org

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